diff --git a/_bmad-output/implementation-artifacts/2-5-per-aircraft-drawing.md b/_bmad-output/implementation-artifacts/2-5-per-aircraft-drawing.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# Story 2.5: Per-Aircraft Drawing (Arrow, Label, Trail, MLAT)
+
+Status: ready-for-dev
+
+## Story
+
+As a user looking at the display,
+I want each aircraft drawn with a heading arrow, callsign/altitude label, a 5-dot position trail with the oldest dot smallest, and MLAT aircraft visually distinct,
+So that I can read direction, identity, altitude, recent path, and data confidence at a glance.
+
+## Acceptance Criteria
+
+AC1: **Given** an `Aircraft` with `heading=90.0` (due east) **When** the heading arrow is drawn **Then** the arrow points east on the display, correctly rotated from north-up reference
+
+AC2: **Given** an `Aircraft` with `callsign="BAW1"` and `altitude_ft=28000` **When** the label is drawn **Then** callsign and altitude are rendered near the aircraft position **And** the label colour matches the aircraft's altitude colour band
+
+AC3: **Given** a trail `deque` with 3 entries **When** the trail is drawn **Then** 3 dots are rendered with decreasing size from most-recent to oldest (interpolated between `TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MAX` and `TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MIN`) **And** dot colour is `COLOUR_TRAIL`
+
+AC4: **Given** an `Aircraft` with `is_mlat=True` **When** the aircraft is drawn **Then** it is rendered in a visually distinct style (dashed/dotted outline instead of filled triangle)
+
+AC5: **Given** an `Aircraft` with `callsign=""` **When** the label is drawn **Then** altitude only is rendered with no blank callsign prefix, and no exception is raised
+
+## Tasks / Subtasks
+
+- [ ] Task 1: Implement drawing functions in `src/planemapper/renderer/aircraft.py` (AC: #1–#5)
+  - [ ] 1.1 Replace `# stub` with full implementation
+  - [ ] 1.2 Implement `_rotate_point(x, y, angle_deg) -> tuple[float, float]`:
+    ```python
+    import math
+    def _rotate_point(x, y, angle_deg):
+        r = math.radians(angle_deg)
+        return (x * math.cos(r) - y * math.sin(r),
+                x * math.sin(r) + y * math.cos(r))
+    ```
+  - [ ] 1.3 Implement `_draw_arrow(draw, cx, cy, heading, colour, is_mlat)`:
+    - Triangle with local coords: tip `(0, -12)`, base-left `(-6, 8)`, base-right `(6, 8)`
+    - Rotate all 3 points by `heading` degrees using `_rotate_point`, then translate by `(cx, cy)`
+    - Regular aircraft: `ImageDraw.polygon(points, fill=colour)`
+    - MLAT aircraft: `ImageDraw.polygon(points, fill=None, outline=colour)`
+  - [ ] 1.4 Implement `_draw_label(draw, cx, cy, aircraft, colour)`:
+    - If `aircraft.callsign` is non-empty: text = `f"{aircraft.callsign}\n{aircraft.altitude_ft}ft"`
+    - If `aircraft.callsign` is empty: text = `f"{aircraft.altitude_ft}ft"`
+    - Position: `(cx + 12, cy - 8)`
+    - Font: `ImageFont.load_default()`
+    - Colour: `altitude_to_colour(aircraft.altitude_ft)`
+  - [ ] 1.5 Implement `_draw_trail(draw, trail)`:
+    - Iterate the trail deque; `i=0` is most recent
+    - Size formula: `size = TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MAX - i * (TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MAX - TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MIN) / max(len(trail) - 1, 1)`
+    - Draw `ImageDraw.ellipse` centred at trail point with half-width/height `size // 2`
+    - Colour: `COLOUR_TRAIL`
+  - [ ] 1.6 Implement `draw_aircraft(image, aircraft, pos, trail) -> None`:
+    - Create `ImageDraw.Draw(image)`
+    - Resolve colour via `altitude_to_colour(aircraft.altitude_ft)`
+    - Unpack `pos` as `(cx, cy)`
+    - Call `_draw_trail(draw, trail)`
+    - Call `_draw_arrow(draw, cx, cy, aircraft.heading or 0.0, colour, aircraft.is_mlat)`
+    - Call `_draw_label(draw, cx, cy, aircraft, colour)`
+
+- [ ] Task 2: Write tests in `tests/test_aircraft_draw.py` (AC: #1–#5)
+  - [ ] 2.1 Test AC1: create white 800×480 RGB image, call `draw_aircraft` with `heading=90.0`; assert pixel at `(cx+12, cy)` is not white (arrow painted over white background)
+  - [ ] 2.2 Test AC2: call `draw_aircraft` with `callsign="BAW1"`, `altitude_ft=28000`; assert no exception, return value is `None`
+  - [ ] 2.3 Test AC3: call `draw_aircraft` with a `deque` of 3 `(x, y)` trail points; assert no exception raised
+  - [ ] 2.4 Test AC4: call `draw_aircraft` with `is_mlat=True`; assert no exception raised
+  - [ ] 2.5 Test AC5: call `draw_aircraft` with `callsign=""`; assert no exception raised
+
+- [ ] Task 3: Run quality gates
+  - [ ] 3.1 `python -m pytest tests/` — all tests pass
+  - [ ] 3.2 `python -m ruff check .` — zero violations
+  - [ ] 3.3 `python -m ruff format --check .` — no formatting issues
+
+## Implementation Notes
+
+### Required imports for `aircraft.py`
+
+```python
+import collections
+import math
+
+from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
+
+from planemapper.models import Aircraft
+from planemapper.constants import COLOUR_TRAIL, TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MAX, TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MIN
+from planemapper.renderer.colours import altitude_to_colour
+```
+
+### Arrow geometry detail
+
+The arrow is drawn in "north-up" local coordinates before rotation. The tip points north (negative y) and the base is south (positive y):
+
+- Tip: `(0, -12)`
+- Base left: `(-6, 8)`
+- Base right: `(6, 8)`
+
+The rotation matrix for clockwise-from-north bearing (matching compass/ADS-B heading convention) is the standard 2D rotation — no sign inversion required. A `heading=0` leaves the triangle pointing up (north). A `heading=90` rotates the tip to point right (east).
+
+### Trail dot size interpolation
+
+With `i=0` (most recent):
+- `size = TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MAX` (largest)
+
+With `i = len(trail) - 1` (oldest):
+- `size = TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MIN` (smallest)
+
+The formula `size = TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MAX - i * (TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MAX - TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MIN) / max(len(trail) - 1, 1)` handles the edge case of a single-point trail via `max(..., 1)`.
+
+### MLAT visual distinction
+
+MLAT aircraft use `fill=None, outline=colour` in `polygon()`, producing a hollow/outlined triangle rather than a filled one. This signals lower positional accuracy to the viewer without requiring a separate icon asset.
+
+### Label callsign guard
+
+Guard with `if aircraft.callsign:` (falsy check covers both `None` and `""`). Do not use `is not None` alone as an empty string should also suppress the callsign line.
+
+### Constants required in `src/planemapper/constants.py`
+
+Ensure the following are present (add if missing):
+
+```python
+TRAIL_MAX_DOTS = 5
+TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MAX = 6
+TRAIL_DOT_SIZE_MIN = 2
+COLOUR_TRAIL = COLOUR_BLACK
+```
diff --git a/_bmad-output/implementation-artifacts/sprint-status.yaml b/_bmad-output/implementation-artifacts/sprint-status.yaml
index 1959d14..1d45d3c 100644
--- a/_bmad-output/implementation-artifacts/sprint-status.yaml
+++ b/_bmad-output/implementation-artifacts/sprint-status.yaml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 # - Dev moves story to 'review', then runs code-review (fresh context, different LLM recommended)
 
 generated: 2026-04-22
-last_updated: 2026-04-22  # 2-1 done, 2-2 done, 2-3 done, 2-4 done, epic-2 in-progress
+last_updated: 2026-04-22  # 2-1 done, 2-2 done, 2-3 done, 2-4 done, 2-5 ready-for-dev, epic-2 in-progress
 project: planeMapper
 project_key: NOKEY
 tracking_system: file-system
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ development_status:
   2-2-coordinate-projection-and-base-map-loading: done
   2-3-home-marker-and-airspace-outlines: done
   2-4-altitude-colour-bands-and-aircraft-type-icons: done
-  2-5-per-aircraft-drawing: backlog
+  2-5-per-aircraft-drawing: ready-for-dev
   2-6-stateful-renderer-and-display-interface: backlog
   2-7-operational-radar-loop-startup-screen-and-systemd-wiring: backlog
   epic-2-retrospective: optional