diff --git a/data/ap_bg.bin b/data/waveshare73-v1/ap_bg.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from data/ap_bg.bin
rename to data/waveshare73-v1/ap_bg.bin
diff --git a/data/ap_bg_preview.png b/data/waveshare73-v1/ap_bg_preview.png
similarity index 100%
rename from data/ap_bg_preview.png
rename to data/waveshare73-v1/ap_bg_preview.png
diff --git a/data/img.bin b/data/waveshare73-v1/img.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from data/img.bin
rename to data/waveshare73-v1/img.bin
diff --git a/data/img_portrait.bin b/data/waveshare73-v1/img_portrait.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from data/img_portrait.bin
rename to data/waveshare73-v1/img_portrait.bin
diff --git a/data/setup_bg.bin b/data/waveshare73-v1/setup_bg.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from data/setup_bg.bin
rename to data/waveshare73-v1/setup_bg.bin
diff --git a/data/setup_bg_preview.png b/data/waveshare73-v1/setup_bg_preview.png
similarity index 100%
rename from data/setup_bg_preview.png
rename to data/waveshare73-v1/setup_bg_preview.png
diff --git a/platformio.ini b/platformio.ini
index 4952afc..56f7f98 100644
--- a/platformio.ini
+++ b/platformio.ini
@@ -1,66 +1,86 @@
-[env:esp32dev]
+; pictureFrame firmware build environments.
+;
+; Layout: shared sources at src/ root + panel-specific implementations at
+; src/panels/{vendor}/v{N}/. Each panel/version gets its own [env:...] block
+; that sets dimensions, pins, and panel-id via build_flags, and selects its
+; driver via build_src_filter. New panel = new env block + new
+; src/panels/{vendor}/v{N}/ folder + new data/{vendor}-v{N}/ folder. No
+; surgery to existing envs.
+;
+; Old envs preserved as historical snapshots — re-flashing units in the
+; field stays a one-line `pio run -e <env> --target upload` command.
+
+; ── Production firmware: Waveshare 7.3" Spectra-6 + ESP32 dev breakout ──
+[env:waveshare73-v1]
 platform = espressif32
 board = esp32dev
 framework = arduino
-monitor_speed = 115200
 upload_port = /dev/ttyUSB0
 monitor_port = /dev/ttyUSB0
+monitor_speed = 115200
 board_build.filesystem = littlefs
+data_dir = data/waveshare73-v1
+build_src_filter =
+    +<main.cpp>
+    +<panels/waveshare73/v1/>
+build_flags =
+    -DEPD_WIDTH=800
+    -DEPD_HEIGHT=480
+    -DMAX_PANEL_WIDTH=800
+    -DPIN_SCK=18
+    -DPIN_MOSI=23
+    -DPIN_CS=5
+    -DPIN_DC=17
+    -DPIN_RST=16
+    -DPIN_BUSY=4
+    -DPANEL_ID=\"waveshare-7.3-spectra6\"
 lib_deps =
     ricmoo/QRCode@^0.0.1
 
-; Flash a single image from firmware/data/img.bin — no WiFi, no server needed.
-; 1. pio run -e test-display --target uploadfs   (upload the image)
-; 2. pio run -e test-display --target upload      (upload the sketch)
+; ── Hardware visual test: flash a single image from data/waveshare73-v1/img.bin ──
+; No WiFi, no server.
+;   1. pio run -e test-display --target uploadfs   (upload data/)
+;   2. pio run -e test-display --target upload      (upload sketch)
 [env:test-display]
-platform = espressif32
-board = esp32dev
-framework = arduino
-monitor_speed = 115200
-upload_port = /dev/ttyUSB0
-monitor_port = /dev/ttyUSB0
-board_build.filesystem = littlefs
-build_flags = -DENV_TEST_DISPLAY
-build_src_filter = +<epd.cpp> +<test_display.cpp>
-lib_deps =
-    ricmoo/QRCode@^0.0.1
+extends = env:waveshare73-v1
+build_src_filter =
+    +<test_display.cpp>
+    +<panels/waveshare73/v1/>
+build_flags =
+    ${env:waveshare73-v1.build_flags}
+    -DENV_TEST_DISPLAY
 
+; ── Visual hardware tests for the sync-fail / no-WiFi border ──
+; Reads the cached /img.bin from LittleFS and draws it with a yellow / red
+; border. Sets NVS err_border=1 so the next normal-firmware boot exercises
+; the recovery redraw via 304. Flow:
+;   1. pio run -e sim-yellow --target upload      (see yellow border)
+;   2. pio run -e sim-red    --target upload      (see red border)
+;   3. pio run -e waveshare73-v1 --target upload  (back to normal; verifies 304 recovery)
+[env:sim-yellow]
+extends = env:waveshare73-v1
+build_src_filter =
+    +<sim_border.cpp>
+    +<panels/waveshare73/v1/>
+build_flags =
+    ${env:waveshare73-v1.build_flags}
+    -DSIM_BORDER
+    -DSIM_BORDER_COLOR=COLOR_YELLOW
+
+[env:sim-red]
+extends = env:waveshare73-v1
+build_src_filter =
+    +<sim_border.cpp>
+    +<panels/waveshare73/v1/>
+build_flags =
+    ${env:waveshare73-v1.build_flags}
+    -DSIM_BORDER
+    -DSIM_BORDER_COLOR=COLOR_RED
+
+; ── Native unit tests — no hardware, uses test/mocks/ ──
 [env:native-test]
 platform = native
 lib_deps =
     throwtheswitch/Unity@^2.6
 build_flags = -DUNIT_TEST -std=c++17 -iquote test/mocks -iquote test -Itest/mocks -Itest
 test_build_src = no
-
-; Visual hardware tests for the sync-fail / no-WiFi border. Reads the cached
-; /img.bin from LittleFS and draws it with a yellow / red border. Sets
-; NVS err_border=1 so the next normal-firmware boot exercises the recovery
-; redraw via 304. Flow:
-;   1. pio run -e sim-yellow --target upload  (see yellow border on hardware)
-;   2. pio run -e sim-red    --target upload  (see red border on hardware)
-;   3. pio run -e esp32dev   --target upload  (back to normal; verifies 304 recovery)
-[env:sim-yellow]
-platform = espressif32
-board = esp32dev
-framework = arduino
-monitor_speed = 115200
-upload_port = /dev/ttyUSB0
-monitor_port = /dev/ttyUSB0
-board_build.filesystem = littlefs
-build_flags = -DSIM_BORDER -DSIM_BORDER_COLOR=COLOR_YELLOW
-build_src_filter = +<epd.cpp> +<sim_border.cpp>
-lib_deps =
-    ricmoo/QRCode@^0.0.1
-
-[env:sim-red]
-platform = espressif32
-board = esp32dev
-framework = arduino
-monitor_speed = 115200
-upload_port = /dev/ttyUSB0
-monitor_port = /dev/ttyUSB0
-board_build.filesystem = littlefs
-build_flags = -DSIM_BORDER -DSIM_BORDER_COLOR=COLOR_RED
-build_src_filter = +<epd.cpp> +<sim_border.cpp>
-lib_deps =
-    ricmoo/QRCode@^0.0.1
diff --git a/scripts/gen_screens.py b/scripts/gen_screens.py
index ad36c22..19d1442 100644
--- a/scripts/gen_screens.py
+++ b/scripts/gen_screens.py
@@ -329,13 +329,20 @@ def save_bin(img, path, preview_path):
     print(f"Preview → {os.path.abspath(preview_path)}")
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    out_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "../data")
+    # Per-panel output directory: data/{vendor}-v{N}/. Defaults to the V1
+    # 7.3" panel since that's the only one in production; pass --panel to
+    # target a different one once new panels exist.
+    panel = "waveshare73-v1"
+    if "--panel" in sys.argv:
+        panel = sys.argv[sys.argv.index("--panel") + 1]
+
+    out_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), f"../data/{panel}")
     os.makedirs(out_dir, exist_ok=True)
 
-    print("Generating AP screen…")
+    print(f"Generating AP screen for {panel}…")
     save_bin(gen_ap(),    f"{out_dir}/ap_bg.bin",    f"{out_dir}/ap_bg_preview.png")
     print()
-    print("Generating setup screen…")
+    print(f"Generating setup screen for {panel}…")
     save_bin(gen_setup(), f"{out_dir}/setup_bg.bin", f"{out_dir}/setup_bg_preview.png")
     print()
     print("QR overlay constants for epd.cpp:")
diff --git a/scripts/gen_setup_bg.py b/scripts/gen_setup_bg.py
index 545b0d8..8232f47 100644
--- a/scripts/gen_setup_bg.py
+++ b/scripts/gen_setup_bg.py
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ for y in range(H):
         lo = nearest(*pixels[x+1, y])
         out.append((hi << 4) | lo)
 
-out_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "../data/setup_bg.bin")
+out_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "../data/waveshare73-v1/setup_bg.bin")
 with open(out_path, "wb") as f:
     f.write(out)
 
diff --git a/src/config.h b/src/config.h
index 8b92a8f..3b1c888 100644
--- a/src/config.h
+++ b/src/config.h
@@ -1,21 +1,99 @@
 #pragma once
 // repo: pictureFrame-firmware
+//
+// Hardware specifics (panel dimensions + GPIO pinout) come from the build
+// env's -D flags in platformio.ini, not from this file. That keeps the
+// shared sources panel-agnostic and lets each `src/panels/{vendor}/v{N}/`
+// subtree stay focused on its own driver.
+//
+// Strict: missing a -D flag is a compile error here, not a silent fallback
+// to V1 values. A bad env config fails fast at build time. Native tests
+// (UNIT_TEST defined) get harmless defaults — they don't drive real
+// hardware, so the values never matter beyond satisfying the compiler.
 
-// ── EPD pins (Waveshare 7.3" ACeP) ──────────────────────────────────────────
-#define EPD_WIDTH   800
-#define EPD_HEIGHT  480
-#define PIN_SCK     18
-#define PIN_MOSI    23
-#define PIN_CS       5
-#define PIN_DC      17
-#define PIN_RST     16
-#define PIN_BUSY     4
+// ── EPD pixel dimensions ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+#ifndef EPD_WIDTH
+#  ifdef UNIT_TEST
+#    define EPD_WIDTH 800
+#  else
+#    error "EPD_WIDTH not defined — set -DEPD_WIDTH=… in platformio.ini build_flags"
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef EPD_HEIGHT
+#  ifdef UNIT_TEST
+#    define EPD_HEIGHT 480
+#  else
+#    error "EPD_HEIGHT not defined — set -DEPD_HEIGHT=… in platformio.ini build_flags"
+#  endif
+#endif
 
-// ── Reset button (BOOT button = GPIO 0 on most dev boards) ──────────────────
+// Largest panel width any build env may target. Static buffers in the
+// driver use this to size themselves at compile time so we don't pay for
+// heap allocation on every draw. Default: assume the active env's panel
+// (so V1 builds get an 800-wide buffer; V2 builds will set it to 1872).
+#ifndef MAX_PANEL_WIDTH
+#define MAX_PANEL_WIDTH EPD_WIDTH
+#endif
+
+// ── GPIO pinout ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Same UNIT_TEST escape: native tests get the V1 dev-board pinout so
+// shared sources compile, even though no real GPIO is touched.
+#ifndef PIN_SCK
+#  ifdef UNIT_TEST
+#    define PIN_SCK 18
+#  else
+#    error "PIN_SCK not defined — set -DPIN_SCK=… in platformio.ini build_flags"
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PIN_MOSI
+#  ifdef UNIT_TEST
+#    define PIN_MOSI 23
+#  else
+#    error "PIN_MOSI not defined — set -DPIN_MOSI=… in platformio.ini build_flags"
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PIN_CS
+#  ifdef UNIT_TEST
+#    define PIN_CS 5
+#  else
+#    error "PIN_CS not defined — set -DPIN_CS=… in platformio.ini build_flags"
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PIN_DC
+#  ifdef UNIT_TEST
+#    define PIN_DC 17
+#  else
+#    error "PIN_DC not defined — set -DPIN_DC=… in platformio.ini build_flags"
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PIN_RST
+#  ifdef UNIT_TEST
+#    define PIN_RST 16
+#  else
+#    error "PIN_RST not defined — set -DPIN_RST=… in platformio.ini build_flags"
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PIN_BUSY
+#  ifdef UNIT_TEST
+#    define PIN_BUSY 4
+#  else
+#    error "PIN_BUSY not defined — set -DPIN_BUSY=… in platformio.ini build_flags"
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// ── Panel telemetry strings ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Reported to the server at provisioning. PANEL_ID identifies the hardware
+// model (vendor + size); PANEL_FW_VERSION lives in src/panels/{…}/v{N}/version.h
+// and ticks when the panel-specific driver code changes.
+#ifndef PANEL_ID
+#define PANEL_ID "unknown"
+#endif
+
+// ── Reset button (BOOT button = GPIO 0 on most dev boards) ──────────────
 #define PIN_BTN_RESET  0
 #define RESET_HOLD_MS  5000
 
-// ── EPD color nibbles ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// ── EPD color nibbles ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 // Verified on Waveshare 7.3" hardware. Same map on 13.3" Spectra 6.
 #define COLOR_BLACK   0x0
 #define COLOR_WHITE   0x1
@@ -24,7 +102,7 @@
 #define COLOR_BLUE    0x5
 #define COLOR_GREEN   0x6
 
-// ── NVS ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// ── NVS ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 #define NVS_NAMESPACE  "pf"
 #define NVS_KEY_SSID        "ssid"
 #define NVS_KEY_PASS        "pass"
@@ -40,7 +118,7 @@
 // Width of the sync-fail / no-WiFi border, in pixels.
 #define BORDER_THICKNESS_PX 4
 
-// ── Network ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// ── Network ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 #define APP_BASE_URL      "https://pictureframe.edholm.me"
 #define AP_IP             "192.168.4.1"
 #define WIFI_TIMEOUT_MS   30000
diff --git a/src/panels/waveshare73/v1/README.md b/src/panels/waveshare73/v1/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4b6768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/panels/waveshare73/v1/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# waveshare73 / v1
+
+Driver for the Waveshare 7.3" 6-color e-ink panel (800×480, Spectra-6) on a
+discrete ESP32 dev-board breakout. This is the original V1 firmware that
+shipped on Matt's prototype unit.
+
+## What lives here
+
+- `epd_driver.cpp` — implements the `epd.h` interface for this panel:
+  `epd_init`, `epd_sleep`, `epd_fill`, `epd_draw_image_from_file`,
+  `epd_draw_image_with_border`, `epd_draw_qr`, `epd_draw_ap_screen`,
+  `epd_draw_setup_screen`. The init byte sequence at the top of `epd_init()`
+  is verified for this specific controller; do not blind-paste from another
+  panel.
+- `version.h` — `PANEL_FW_VERSION` string transmitted during provisioning.
+  Bump when the driver changes in a way the server should know about.
+
+## Per-panel data (lives elsewhere)
+
+Pre-rendered LittleFS payloads for this panel size live at
+`data/waveshare73-v1/`:
+
+- `ap_bg.bin`, `setup_bg.bin` — captive-portal and account-binding
+  background screens at 800×480
+- `img.bin`, `img_portrait.bin` — test images used by the `test-display`
+  build env
+
+Regenerate with `scripts/gen_screens.py --width 800 --height 480` after
+changing the source artwork.
+
+## Build env
+
+```bash
+pio run -e waveshare73-v1 --target upload          # production firmware
+pio run -e test-display   --target upload          # single-image hardware test
+pio run -e sim-yellow     --target upload          # sync-fail border test
+pio run -e sim-red        --target upload          # no-WiFi border test
+```
+
+The build flags supplied by `platformio.ini` parametrize `src/config.h` —
+this folder doesn't redefine pins or dimensions itself.
+
+## QR positions
+
+`epd_draw_ap_screen` and `epd_draw_setup_screen` have hardcoded QR
+coordinates (cell size, x, y) tuned for 800×480 + the bg screens at
+`data/waveshare73-v1/`. If the bg art changes, the matching constants
+in `gen_screens.py` and the driver must be re-tuned together.
diff --git a/src/epd.cpp b/src/panels/waveshare73/v1/epd_driver.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from src/epd.cpp
rename to src/panels/waveshare73/v1/epd_driver.cpp
diff --git a/src/panels/waveshare73/v1/version.h b/src/panels/waveshare73/v1/version.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05a0995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/panels/waveshare73/v1/version.h
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Panel-specific firmware version. Bump when the V1 7.3" driver changes
+// in a way the server should know about. Reported to the server during
+// provisioning so support can correlate field-reported issues with the
+// exact panel-driver build a device is running.
+//
+// Independent of the shared firmware version (HTTP / NVS / sleep / etc.)
+// — that's tracked by git SHA, not this string.
+#define PANEL_FW_VERSION "v1.0"